Richard Heeks Uncategorised

The Missing Digital Dimension in Analysis of Climate Adaptation in Mountain Regions

Why is digital tech missing from analyses of climate adaptation in mountain regions?

Digital innovation is and will be central to climate adaptation.  At a macro-level, as shown in figure 1, ICTs can support all aspects of the adaptation strategy lifecycle[i].  At a micro-level, digital tools are supporting households and communities with applications related to weather and pest early warning, water conservation, climate insurance, etc[ii].  A whole series of innovations – AI, robotics, blockchain and more – are further expanding the contribution that digital can make to climate adaptation[iii].

Figure 1: ICTs and Climate Adaptation Strategy

Mountain regions are often cited as being on the front line of climate change[iv] and they are, hence, the locus for widespread climate adaptation initiatives[v].  Those initiatives are analytically reviewed from time to time.  Leading examples of such reviews at both strategic and tactical levels include:

What do all of these multi-initiative analyses have in common?  They make no mention of the role of digital tech within the adaptation strategies or solutions[vi].  There are occasional mentions of components likely underpinned by digital such as scenario modelling or mapping or the role of “scientific information” and data, and there are a few unspecific references to “technology”.  But there is no explicit consideration of digital: snow-making technology is discussed; digital technology is not.

Is this because mountain climate adaptation does not involve digital technology?  No.

The Adaptation at Altitude Solutions Portal provides details of 88 mountain climate adaptation initiatives; available as an online dataset.  Analysis of the dataset plus reference to original project documentation shows that in all but 10 cases – so for 89% of projects – digital technologies were identifiably an important part of the adaptation response[vii].  The most common applications could be related to different stages of response.  Recurrent early-stage uses were for modelling and mapping, e.g. of priority locations for intervention, often involving earth observation data and geographic information systems.  Recurrent late-stage uses were for flood, fire, weather or similar early warning systems; usually mobile phone-based.  The other common application was management information systems, typically to support the operation of community, local government, NGO or central government adaptation centres.  Less common applications included use of drones, and e-commerce and e-learning systems.

Is this analytical absence a problem?  Very likely it is:

  • Failing to identify the contribution of digital technologies to climate adaptation means future initiatives – to the extent they are influenced by past analyses – are less likely themselves to successfully incorporate, and hence to benefit from, digital.
  • Failing to analyse the role of digital in climate adaptation means a failure to learn digital-specific lessons which thus makes future initiatives more likely to fail.  Especially so given that there are digital-specific design, development, implementation and evaluation techniques that cannot simply be transferred from other technologies[viii].
  • Failing to highlight the role of digital in climate adaptation means an absence of consideration of emerging digital innovations such as AI and blockchain that, as noted above, have been demonstrated to have significant potential to accelerate adaptation[ix].

This does not answer the original question of why digital is missing.  Most likely it’s a failure of multi-disciplinarity within research on sustainable mountain development, with an absence of socio-technical digital development expertise – the kind that would immediately recognise the pervasive presence and importance of digital systems.  That’s a reminder of the way in which development studies – with the emergence and growth of its ICT4D sub-discipline including dedicated degree courses and journals – has progressed further than mountain studies.

In terms of implications of all this, many of the sources cited above include an identification of research gaps.  What they have missed, however, is the gap – and future research agenda – around digital and climate adaptation in mountain regions.  That’s a priority topic that should be taken forward.  We welcome thoughts on modalities and collaborations for this.

[i] Adapted from Ospina, A.V. & Heeks, R. (2011) ICTs and Climate Change Adaptation: Enabling Innovative Strategies, Centre for Development Informatics, University of Manchester, UK

[ii] Dittmer, K. M., Wollenberg, E. K., Burns, S., & Shelton, S. W. (2022). Digital Tools for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation, TRANSITIONS Policy Brief, IFAD, Rome

[iii] Parra-López, C., Abdallah, S. B., Garcia-Garcia, G., Hassoun, A., Sánchez-Zamora, P., Trollman, H., … & Carmona-Torres, C. (2024). Integrating digital technologies in agriculture for climate change adaptation and mitigation: state of the art and future perspectives. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 226, 109412

[iv] McDowell, G., Stephenson, E., & Ford, J. (2014). Adaptation to climate change in glaciated mountain regions. Climatic Change, 126, 77-91; Pepin, N. C., Arnone, E., Gobiet, A., Haslinger, K., Kotlarski, S., Notarnicola, C., … & Adler, C. (2022). Climate changes and their elevational patterns in the mountains of the world. Reviews of Geophysics, 60(1), e2020RG000730.

[v] Muccione, V., Aguilera Rodriguez, J., Scolobig, A., Witton, R., Zwahlen, J., Mackey, A., … & Allen, S. K. (2024). Trends in climate adaptation solutions for mountain regions. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 29(7), 74.

[vi] Based on a read-through of each of these sources plus cross-check search for ‘digital’, ‘information’, ‘data’, ‘technol’ and other terms potentially related to digital technology.

[vii] Even where not identifiable, digital technologies will have been used for project management, monitoring and evaluation, and dissemination purposes.

[viii] Pearlson, K. E., Saunders, C. S., & Galletta, D. F. (2024). Managing and Using Information Systems: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley & Sons; Heeks, R.B. (2018) Information and Communication Technologies for Development. Routledge.

[ix] Moncada, N.R. (2023) Blockchain for Climate Innovation, CIFAR Alliance; Leal Filho, W., Wall, T., Mucova, S. A. R., Nagy, G. J., Balogun, A. L., Luetz, J. M., … & Gandhi, O. (2022). Deploying artificial intelligence for climate change adaptation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 180, 121662.

angelicaospina Uncategorized

The Outcome of Rio+20: An ICT Perspective on ‘The Future We Want’

As enablers of an increasingly interconnected world, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) constitute valuable tools in processes of transformation and change. Deeply embedded into the socio-economic fabric of both developed and developing countries, the role of ICTs is gaining momentum as part of sustainable development, environmental and climate change strategies.

Acknowledging their ubiquitous role in our society, from the way in which we communicate, network and interact, to the way in which we learn, play, conduct business or access government services, among others, ICTs are a key part of the ‘present we have’.

But how about ‘The Future We Want’?

‘The Future We Want’ was the motto of the Rio+20 conference on sustainable development that took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 2012. While the conference addressed a broad range of issues, including the role of a green economy towards sustainable development and poverty reduction and the improvement of international coordination, the role of ICTs was recognised in a number of ways.

In the Rio+20 outcome document, the role of ICTs is explicitly mentioned in regards to five key areas of action towards the achievement of sustainable development:

a) ICTs and Multi-stakeholder Engagement

  • Article 44 of the outcome document recognises the role of ICTs facilitating the flow of information between governments and the public, enabling public engagement in sustainable development. The document calls for governments to “work toward improved access to ICT, especially broad-band network and services, and bridge the digital divide, recognizing the contribution of international cooperation in this regard”.

b) ICTs, Knowledge Exchange and Capacity Building

  • Article 65 of the outcome document acknowledges the potential of ICTs to promote knowledge exchange, technical cooperation and capacity building for sustainable development. The article emphasizes the role of these tools in fostering experiences and knowledge sharing in different areas of sustainable development in an “open and transparent manner”.

c) ICTs, Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture

  • With the aim of improving agricultural productivity and sustainability, Article 114 of the outcome document calls for government action to improve access to “information, technical knowledge and know-how, including through new ICTs that empower farmers, fishers and foresters to choose among diverse methods of achieving sustainable agricultural production”. 

d) ICTs and Energy Efficiency

  • Article 128 of the outcome document recognizes the need to improve energy efficiency and the role of energy-efficient technologies in addressing sustainable development and climate change goals, including energy efficiency measures in urban planning, buildings, and transportation, and in the production of goods and services. These constitute areas in which ICTs have proven potential to reduce emissions through ‘smart’ applications (e.g. smart motor systems, smart logistics, smart buildings and smart grids).

e) ICTs and Youth Education

  • Recognising the importance of youth education and of ensuring that education systems provide the tools to pursue sustainable development, Article 230 of the outcome document calls for a more effective use of ICTs to enhance learning outcomes.

The document also acknowledges the role of ICTs in indirect ways by stressing the need to support initiatives such as the Global Environmental Outlook process led by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the Agricultural Market Information System hosted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), as well as the need to develop comprehensive hazard and risk assessments and reliable geospatial information, among others.

In addition to their inclusion into the final outcome document, several key international stakeholders organized ICT side events during the Rio+20 process, aimed at raising awareness on concrete ICT applications, benefits and challenges to address sustainable development, environmental and climate change goals (*see list of ICT-related side events).

Why is this important?

The increasing diffusion of ICT applications, from interactive Web portals, text messages (SMS), community radio, mobile phone-based monitoring systems, community mapping or social media tools such as Twitter and Facebook, among others, is offering new mechanisms for empowerment, engagement and multi-stakeholder participation in the processes of change and transformation that surround us.

Emergent experiences, particularly from developing countries, suggest the potential of ICTs in face of the challenges posed by pervasive poverty, environmental degradation and climate change impacts.

However, for ICTs to be truly transformative, there needs to be a solid basis of awareness and a better understanding of their role in the achievement of sustainable development goals, particularly among policy and decision makers. This includes the potential and risks involved in the use of ICTs within specific development settings, as well as the enabling environment required for the implementation of ICT solutions in the field (e.g. regulations, standards, financial, institutional and human resources etc).

The recognition of ICTs in the Rio+20 process -as the focus of several preparatory meetings, side events and discussions, and as part of ‘The Future We Want’ outcome document- constitutes an important step to raise the awareness of policy makers on the value of including ICTs as part of sustainable development processes and strategies, and to foster multi-stakeholder dialogue and collaboration in this field.

Where do we go from here?

Further work will be required towards the development of policy instruments of governance and management (e.g. legal norms such as laws, decrees and enforcement actions, licensing, planning and funding regulations) that help create an enabling environment where ICTs can effectively contribute to the achievement of sustainable development objectives, including those related to climate change mitigation and adaptation.

At the same time, as acknowledged by the ITU in their input to Rio+20, efforts will need to be made towards the identification of concrete targets and a specific ‘roadmap’ for the utilisation of ICTs as part of sustainable development strategies, as well as to mobilise the financial and human resources required to implement ICT strategies towards ‘greener’ and more resilient societies at the international, national and local levels.

While the recognition of ICTs’ role in key areas of sustainable development (i.e. multi-stakeholder engagement, knowledge exchange and capacity building, food security and sustainable agriculture, energy efficiency and education) contributes to awareness raising and future collaboration in this field, many other areas of potential, resources and specific targets of action remain to be defined.

Rio+20 evidenced that much more needs to be done for ICTs to help bridge the gap between the ‘present we have’ and ‘the future we want’, to translate political intentions into ICT practice, and to broaden the understanding of these tools to encompass their informational, productive AND transformative potential.

————————————————————————————

*ICT Side Events and Preparatory Meetings, Rio+20:

-The United Nations Group on the Information Society (UNGIS) organised a side event during Rio+20 titled “ICTs, the Foundation of Our Sustainable Future”. The event was focused on specific ICT applications and services that can assist in the transition towards a green economy, and in discussing the enabling environment needed to facilitate the uptake of ICT applications.

-The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Ministry of Communications of Brazil organized a side event titled “Broadband and ICTs for Smart, Inclusive and Sustainable Societies”. Participants explored the opportunities and benefits offered by broadband and ICTs in the context of sustainable development, as well as the challenges and solutions for the application of broadband-enabled innovation.

-The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) were also involved in the preparatory process of Rio+20, hosting a side event on “The Future We Want with ICT and Innovation”, held during an Intersessional meeting, march 2012) to highlight the role of information communication technologies (ICTs) in achieving a sustainable future.